Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section．Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice.
Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise．The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake．Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve ceil, the explosion of a spiral nebula(旋涡星云)or the distribution of cosmic(宇宙的) dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another—the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same．If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated．Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated．When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness of medicine.
Applied research; undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed．For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries．Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly the funds the U.S．Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds．Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic．Then, as Dr．Waterman has pointed out, 'Development will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for major scientific discoveries will be lost．Unfortunately, pressures to emphasis new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science...tend to degrade the quality of the nation's technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.'
Which of the following titles best summarises the main idea of the passage?

Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve ceil, the explosion of a spiral nebula(旋涡星云)or the distribution of cosmic(宇宙的) dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another—the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness of medicine.
Applied research; undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, 'Development will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasis new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science...tend to degrade the quality of the nation's technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.'
Which of the following titles best summarises the main idea of the passage?