Passage 2 Directions: You are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Reading literature makes us smarter and nicer A. Gregory Currie, a professor of philosophy at the University of Nottingham, recently argued in The New York Times that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no "compelling evidence that suggests that people are morally or socially better by reading Tolstoy" or other great books. B. Actually, there is such evidence. Raymond A. Mar, a psychologist at York University in Canada, and Keith Oatley, a professor emeritus of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto, reported in studies published in 2006 and 2009 that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (有同感) with them and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels. A 2010 study by Mar found a similar result in young children: The more stories they had read to them, the keener their "theory of mind", or mental model of other people's intentions. C. "Deep reading"- as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web –is an enered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would ener the intellect emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the perpetuation (永存) of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to comprehend them. D. Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading -slow, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity- is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks, for example, frees the reader from decisions- Should I click on this link or not?-allowing him to remain fully immersed in the narrative. E. That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail and metaphor: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, forcing us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real- life capacity for empathy. F. None of this is likely to happen when we're reading through entertainment news online. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” for whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34, 910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39 percent of children and s read daily using electronic devices, but only 28 percent read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen. G. To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, and not just whether they're reading at all, helps to know something about the way the ability to read evolved. “Human beings were never born to read,” notes Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Reading and Language Research at Tufts University an author of Proust and the Squid : The Story and Science of the Reading Brain . Unlike the ability to understand and produce spoken language, which under normal circumstances will unfold according to a program determined by our genes, the ability to read must be painstakingly acquired by each individual. The" reading circuits( 巡回线路 )"we construct are built from structures in the brain that evolved for other purposes-and these circuits can be weak or they can be strong, depending on how often and how vigorously we use them. H. The deep reader, protected from distractions and being conscious of the slight differences of language, enters a state that psychologist Victor Nell, in a study of the Psychology of the pleasure reading, compares to a hypnotic trance( 心醉神迷的状态 ).Nell found that when readers are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading actually slows. The combination of fast, fluent decoding of words and slow, unhurried progress on the page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection, ysis, and their own memories and opinions. It gives them time to establish an intimate relationship with the author, the two of them engaged in an extended and enthusiastic conversation like people falling in love. I. This is not reading as many young people are coming to know it. Their reading is practical and instrumental: the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode calls "carnal reading" and "spiritual reading". If we allow our children to believe carnal reading is all there is- if we don't open the door to spiritual reading, through an early insistence on discipline and practice we will have cheated them of an enjoyable experience they would not otherwise encounter. And we will have deprived them of an elevating and enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people. Observing young people’s attachment to digital devices, some progressive educators and easy-going parents talk about needing to “meet kids where they are”, forming instruction around their onscreen habits. This is mistaken. We need, rather, to show them some place they’ve never been to, a place only deep reading can take them to. (1,047 words) _____ 1. A study showed that young children who read only on electronic devices get much less enjoyment from reading. _____ 2. Lack of spiritual reading may pr young children from enjoying an enlightening experience. _____ 3. It is found that readers actually slow down their reading speed when they are enjoying the deep reading experience the most. _____ 4. Scientists' studies indicate that those who often read novels seem to understand other people better and sympathize them. _____ 5.We are not born with the ability to read. Rather, it is acquired by human beings through great efforts.. _____ 6. Conventional books play a unique role in helping readers acquire deep reading experience. _____ 7 Deep reading helps build up a close relationship between the reader and the author. _____8. There exists a er for deep reading to disappear, which demands our attention and actions to protect this practice. _____ 9. Some educators and parents think that we should give children instruction around their own reading habits considering their attachment to electronic devices. _____ 10. A college professor believes that reading great books does not necessarily improves us as people.