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【单选题】

Text 4
Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he’ d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so
Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to yze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual’ s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced.
The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register.
The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense ( the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function, To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior.
Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized.
Results such as Dr. Vink’ s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain’ s problem may ually become a thing of the past.
Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he’ d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so
Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to yze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual’ s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced.
The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register.
The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense ( the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function, To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior.
Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized.
Results such as Dr. Vink’ s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain’ s problem may ually become a thing of the past.
Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he’ d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so
Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to yze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual’ s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced.
The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register.
The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense ( the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function, To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior.
Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized.
Results such as Dr. Vink’ s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain’ s problem may ually become a thing of the past.
Mark Twain is mentioned in the passage in order to show that

A.
he is a man with very Strong will power.
B.
it is easy to give up smoking temporarily.
C.
famous writers are often heavy smokers.
D.
only few people have his determination.
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【单选题】THE ivory-billed woodpecker is not large, as birds go: It is about the size of a crow, but flashier, its claim to fame is that, though it had been thought extinct since 1944, a lone kayaker spotted it...

A.
The irrigation project is really a wonderful plan to help people get rid of poverty.
B.
The situation of Clarendon would become tougher without support of tourism.
C.
Some programs like the great irrigation project had been planed very elaborately.
D.
Symbolization of Brinkley is ivorybill woodpecker.

【单选题】What does the woman speaker tell us about the old lady() A.She went to the post office to draw her pension. B.She lost most of the pension. C.She lost a little. D.She was hurt by the man.

A.
W: Gosh! Have you seen this, Richard
B.
M: Seen what
C.
W: In the paper, it says there’s a man going round pretending he’s from the electricity board. He’s been calling at people’s home, saying he’s come to cheek that all their appliances are safe. Then he gets around them to make him a cup of tea and while they are out of the room, he steals their money, handbag, whatever and makes off with it.
D.
M: But you know Jane, it’s partly their own fault. You should never let anyone like that in unless you are expecting them.
E.
W: It’s all very well to say that, but someone comes to the door and says electricity or gas, and you automatically think they are OK, especially if they flash a card to you.
F.
M: Does this man have an ID then
G.
W: Yes, that’s just it! It seems he used to work tot the electricity board at one time. According to the paper, the police are warning people, especially pensioners not to admit anyone unless they have an appointment. It’s a bit sad. One old lady told them she’d just been to the post office to draw her pension when he called. She said he must have followed her home. He stole the whole lot.
H.
M: But what does he look like Surely they must have a description.
I.
W: Oh, yes, they have. Let’s see. In his thirties, tall, bushy dark hair, slight northern accent, sounds a bit like you actually.
相关题目:
【单选题】THE ivory-billed woodpecker is not large, as birds go: It is about the size of a crow, but flashier, its claim to fame is that, though it had been thought extinct since 1944, a lone kayaker spotted it...
A.
The irrigation project is really a wonderful plan to help people get rid of poverty.
B.
The situation of Clarendon would become tougher without support of tourism.
C.
Some programs like the great irrigation project had been planed very elaborately.
D.
Symbolization of Brinkley is ivorybill woodpecker.
【单选题】What does the woman speaker tell us about the old lady() A.She went to the post office to draw her pension. B.She lost most of the pension. C.She lost a little. D.She was hurt by the man.
A.
W: Gosh! Have you seen this, Richard
B.
M: Seen what
C.
W: In the paper, it says there’s a man going round pretending he’s from the electricity board. He’s been calling at people’s home, saying he’s come to cheek that all their appliances are safe. Then he gets around them to make him a cup of tea and while they are out of the room, he steals their money, handbag, whatever and makes off with it.
D.
M: But you know Jane, it’s partly their own fault. You should never let anyone like that in unless you are expecting them.
E.
W: It’s all very well to say that, but someone comes to the door and says electricity or gas, and you automatically think they are OK, especially if they flash a card to you.
F.
M: Does this man have an ID then
G.
W: Yes, that’s just it! It seems he used to work tot the electricity board at one time. According to the paper, the police are warning people, especially pensioners not to admit anyone unless they have an appointment. It’s a bit sad. One old lady told them she’d just been to the post office to draw her pension when he called. She said he must have followed her home. He stole the whole lot.
H.
M: But what does he look like Surely they must have a description.
I.
W: Oh, yes, they have. Let’s see. In his thirties, tall, bushy dark hair, slight northern accent, sounds a bit like you actually.
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