Directions: In this part you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1～7 , choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8～10, complete the sentences with the in formation given in the passage.

Sound Effects Snorers(打鼾的人) have always been made jokes. In cartoons, their nasal(鼻子的)roar lifts the roof off houses. In situation comedies, there’s the wife who rolls her eyes at her snoring bedmate. But in reality, it’s not all that funny. In fact, snoring can be a nightmare for snorers and their troubled partners, who may wake up several times a night to poke, and maybe hoist loved ones onto their sides for a little relief. Risks of Snoring Problems But the nightly racket is more than a potential relationship strain. According to the latest research, an increasingly older and heavier population may make this condition an even greater a health risk than we previously thought. For Maggie Moss-Tucker, successful treatment for a longtime snoring problem came almost by accident. One fall morning in 2005, she saw a sign at her local gym seeking snorers as volunteers for a study at Boston’s Brigham & Women’s Hospital. Moss-Tucker, now 56, was intrigued. She had started snoring nearly a decade earlier. "I’d tried everything to stop," she says, from sleeping upright to using nose strips or a mouth guard. But to her and her husband’s dismay, nothing worked. When she signed up for the study and spent a night at a sub Boston sleep lab, she found out why. After reviewing her sleep patterns and oxygen levels, researchers told her that her snoring was actually an indication of something worse. She suffered from a sleep apnea(呼吸暂停), a condition in which patients stop breathing repeatedly as they sleep and can wake up as many as 100 times a night often without remembering it. That kind of revelation has led to doctors re-evaluating a condition once treated as little more than a nuisance. "In the past, snoring has been treated like a joking matter; you never talked about it with your doctor, "says Dr. David Rapoport, medical director of the Sleep Disorders Center at New York University Medical Center. "But when it becomes very prominent or such that it wakes you up or interferes with breathing, it can be a problem." Sleep apnea, in which the airway becomes blocked or, less often, the brain fails to properly control breathing during sleeping, can be viewed as one extreme of the snoring spectrum. Soft snoring, which is not generally considered a health hazard, would be at the other end. As the sound and persistence of a patient’s snoring grows, so do the health concerns. A study published in the March 1 issue of the journal Sleep found that loud snorers had a 40 percent greater risk than non-snorers of suffering from high blood pressure, 34 percent greater odds of having a heart attack and a 67 percent greater chance of having a stroke. That’s a problem given the number of noisy sleepers out there. In a recent poll by the National Sleep Foundation, about one third of US working s reported snoring at least a few nights in the previous month. Snoring generally worsens with age so the rate is even higher among the elderly. And, contrary to common perceptions, it’s nearly as common in women as men. Menopause(更年期) appears to be a factor, as is weight. Being overweight can cause thickness in the airway tube, holding back the flow of oxygen. Treatment of Snoring Problems Yet many who regularly snore don’t realize that it could be bad for their health. The research linking hypertension, cardiac problems and loud snoring is relatively new. And though awareness of sleep apnea is growing, specialists say the condition is still vastly undertreated. Primary-care physicians don’t routinely ask patients about the quality of their sleep though that is beginning to change and few patients think to tell their doctors that they’re snoring, unless it becomes hazardous to their partner. Sleep specialists estimate that between 12 million and 18 million Americans have some form of sleep apnea but many of them, like Moss-Tucker, remain undiagnosed for years. Research from the National Sleep Foundation indicates that only half of those with sleep apnea are being treated. Since it is a progressive condition, says Michael Twery, director of the National Institutes of Health’s National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, "The person who’s affected is usually not aware of how severe the condition is." Moss-Tucker remembers being drowsy during the day sometimes, but she blamed it on her busy life. When researchers at the sleep lab asked if she had ever fallen asleep while driving, she laughed initially. But then she recalled long drives during which she’d had to pull over every 45 minutes to take a cat nap(打盹) to avoid dozing off at the wheel. She’d also become accustomed to taking daily 25-minute naps each afternoon. But once she was diagnosed and began using a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (or CPAP) machine, the most common treatment for sleep apnea, she says, "My life changed." Moss-Tucker no longer needed naps and her energy levels, mental clarity and general moods improved so much so that she cannot imagine one night without the CPAP, a machine with a mask that attaches to the nose, mouth or both, helping to force oxygen into the airway while the patient sleeps. If it’s used properly, it is nearly 100 percent effective. But CPAPs (or BiPaps, which deliver alternating levels of oxygen), which cost about $ 500 or more with the mask, can be not easy to use and the noise may be as disruptive to sleeping partners as snoring. Despite its efficiency, estimates of overall long-term usage rates remain between 50 to 70 percent. For snorers who don’t appear to have sleep apnea, there are other measures to avoid bad nights. They include: avoiding big meals and alcohol before bed; sleeping on one’s side instead of the back; treating conditions tike allergies and colds that can cause or worsen snoring, and maintaining a healthy weight. There are also devices, which push the lower jaw forward to help keep the airway open. "They arc effective in a fair number of snoring cases," says NYU’s Rapoport, but he cautions that they need to be custom fitted by dentist and can be expensive if not covered by insurance. Surgery on Snoring Problems Surgery to widen the airways or improve nasal airflow is also an option, though it also may not be covered by insurance and success rates vary. UPPP, in which a surgeon removes tissue at the back of the throat, can require a hospital stay and a long recovery; it’s typically used for patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea. But other procedures can be performed under local anesthesia in a surgeon’s office, including laserassisted LAUP, a modification of UPPP in which the surgeon uses a laser to cut the uvula. Patients who get LAUP can generally resume their normal routine almost immediately afterward, but they may require up to five treatments. Somnoplasty is another short office-based procedure: it uses low-power radiofrequency energy that reduces tile volume of the soft palate tissue (located at tile back of tile roof of the mouth) but may require more than one session. Nasal surgery may also be recommended for those with obstructions in the nose. Another treatment is file Pillar procedure, in which three tiny inserts are injected into the soft palate to offer support. Since it’s a newer procedure only approved by the FDA in August 2004, there’s less long-term data. "Studies are showing it does work but to what extent is not really known yet." says Rapoport. With several options but no magic bullet, experts say it’s important to have a full medical examination to determine the best course of action. But as long as snoring is seen as more of a joke than a risk, even that step may be too large for some.

To cure the snoring problems, surgery can be used to improve ______.