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【单选题】
Historically, the European Union has not bothered with funding much basic scientific research. Such activities have mainly remained the preserve of national governments, not least because giving scientists free rein can lead to discoveries that not only make money but ultimately enhance military might.
That attitude is now changing. The European Commission proposes to establish a European Research Council(ERC) that would spend a maximum of 12 billion (＄14 billion) over seven years on" blue skies" research. While the plans are being generally welcomed by Europe’s member states, their details are problematic. The proposed ERC is intended to make Europe more competitive. Europe has some first-class universities, scientific institutions and research organisations. But, the ERC’s proponents argue, their activities are fragmented, so they are not reaching their full potential.
In America, teams from across the country compete with each other for grants from the National Science Foundation. The proposed ERC is modelled on this scheme. It would award grants to individual research teams for a specific project, solely on the basis of scientific merit judged by peer review. If the ERC were created, scientists from across Europe would compete with each other for funds, rather than merely competing with their fellow countrymen, as happens at present.
This compares with the limited funding for basic research that currently exists in the EU, which places its emphasis on collaboration between researchers. It is open only to researchers in a narrow range of disciplines chosen by the European Parliament and the commission. The ERC would be quite different, placing its emphasis on competition between researchers and leaving scientists themselves to decide which areas of science to pursue. Helga Nowotny, who chairs the European Research Advisory Board—an advisory body to the commission—says that winning a grant from the ERC could come to be seen as utakable recognition of research excellence.
The quality of European research needs to be stepped up a notch. Between 1980 and 2003, Europe had 68 Nobel laureates in medicine, physics and chemistry compared with 154 in America. With competition from China and India, Europe’s share could fall further.
One of the reasons for Europe’s relatively weak performance is thought to be a lack of genuine competition between Europe’s researchers. Another is its poor ability to attract young people into a research career. Recent estimates suggest that Europe needs an extra 700,000 researchers if it is to meet its overall target of raising spending(private,national and EU) on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2010. Many young scientists leave Europe for America once they have finished their training. Dr Nowotny says the ERC could help here too. It could establish a scheme to give young researchers the opportunity to follow their own ideas and become independent at an earlier stage in their careers, encouraging talent to stay in Europe.
The crucial issue now is whether the ERC will be able to set its own research agenda, free from the interference and bureaucracy of the commission and influence of member states. Last month, 22 leading European scientists charged with shaping the ERC’ s scientific strategy met for the first time to start hammering out a charter and constitution. Serious concerns remain over the legal structure of the body.
The final decision on the ERC’ s legal form, on a date yet unspecified, rests with the European Parliament and member states in the European Council. If both are genuine in their support for the ERC and Europe’s aim of becoming more competitive, then they must find a way of keeping the ERC free from political interference. Europe would benefit from a competition for its best researchers which rewards scientific excellence. A quasi-competition that recognizes how many votes each member state is allotted would be pointless.
The phrase" stepped up a notch"(line 1, paragraph 5) most probably means
A.
improved.
B.
decreased.
C.
worsened.
D.
stamped.
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【单选题】The passage is based on the author’s (). A. keen insight into the nature of technology B. prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution C. cautious analysis of the replacement of the h...
A.
To live in the Untied States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’ s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
B.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle(挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire(变得混乱)and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
C.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
D.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
【单选题】Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.11（） A．act B．serve C．work D．reach
A.
Egyptian wine has an extensive history within the history of Egyptian civilization. Grapes were not (1) to the landscape of Egypt, rather the vines themselves are (2) to have been imported from the Phoenicians, (3) the actual origins remain in (4) . What is known, is that (5) the third millennium BC, Egyptian kings of the first (6) had extensive wine cellars, and wine was used extensively in the temple ceremonies. The main (7) of wine in Egypt. took place between the king, nobles, and the priests in temple ceremonies, and is (8) by numerous painted relief’ s, and other (9) evidence. The vineyards of ancient Egypt, were quite different from the modern methods of wine making today. (10) viticulture (or wine making) ,ceased to (11) an exclusively ceremonial purpose, the Egyptians began to experiment with simple structures for their vines to train on, (12) found a way to train their vines so they were easy low (13) bushes, and found ways for the soil to (14) more moisture for the vines. Egyptian wine making experiments included the use of different wine presses, adding heat to the must (the grape juice ready for fermentation) (15) make the wine sweet, and differences in vat types and materials. The (16) finished product of wine, was poured through a cloth filter, and then into earthenware jars, (17) they would be sealed with natural tar and left to (18) . The Egyptians kept accurate records of their vintages, and (19) of their wines, each jar of wine was clearly (20) with it’s own vintage, and quality.
【判断题】甲公司与乙银行订立一份借款合同，甲公司到期不能还本付息。乙银行于还本付息期届满后1年零6个月时向有管辖权的人民法院起诉，要求甲公司偿还本金、支付利息并承担违约责任。乙银行的行为引起诉讼时效中断。( )
A.
正确
B.
错误
【单选题】Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A.
The ice in the Antarctic will never melt.
B.
The disasters caused by icebergs are all over the world.
C.
The Antarctic is hot with volcanoes.
D.
Volcano can protect ice sheet from melting.
【单选题】19（） A. now that B . unless C. though D. as
A.
A manager hoping to blossom as a business leader must develop the skill to communicate effectively. One of the foremost tasks of a leader is to create (1) to a cause. To do that he must first communicate to build mutual understanding.
B.
(2) a manager communicates mostly to (3) information, a leader uses communications to build relationships. A manager overwhelms others with details and still (4) them cold. A leader (5) their hearts by combining his vision with their (6) in a common cause.
C.
Most Asian business leaders are instinctively (7) relationship building (8) direct communications. But they don’t use the mass media so well. While face to face communications is (9) , it’s not enough in today’s big business.
D.
(10) their western (11) , they are not so much frightened by mass media’s potential to magnify, distort, and expose. The problem lies more in the (12) of professional support (13) to them. In most Asian companies the public affairs function either does not exist or is (14) routine chores removed from helping the CEO to communicate with wide audiences. The reason primarily that the (15) communications officers are placed quite low in the organizational hierarchy.
E.
Asia’s need for business leaders who are (16) in using mass media to involve the public (17) the economic development dream has never been greater. Television and the print media have an enormous (18) on the public perception of business. Our business leaders have not yet laced an unsympathetic press. They should start now (19) the day may not be too far away (20) they are suddenly forced to enter the perilous arena of public communications.
【单选题】What is the meaning of the phrase "net cost" in the title() A. The amount of money covering the basics. B. The registration, fee for a domain name on the Internet. C. The amount of money for the const...
A.
The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself
B.
Companies are paying up to $10,000 to register a domain name on the Internet even though there is no guarantee that they will get the name they want.
C.
The task of registering domains ending in. com, org, .edu and. net is at present contracted out by the US government to the Virginia-based company Network Solutions. The contract runs out this year, and the government wants to bring in a different scheme.
D.
But last year, an ad hoc committee of the Internet’s great and good revealed its own plan. This involved setting up seven new domains, each indicating the kind of business or organisation using that name. The committee recruited 88 companies around the world to act as registrars for its firm, . shop, . web, . arts, . rec, . info and. nom domains. The US government has still to give the system its blessing, and may yet push ahead with its original scheme. Despite this, the 88 registrars have been taking applications for several months. They are due to start registering names this month with the Internet Council of Registrars, which grew out of the ad hoc committee.
E.
To prevent conflicting names from being registered, the council will take one name from each registrar in mm before going back for the second name in their queues, and so on. This has led to a flourishing trade, with companies trying to buy a place near the head of the queue. Global Names of Singapore is charging $10,000 to make sure a request for a name is the first one it sends off to the central database. Other registrars are charging nonrefundable deposits for places at the top of the queue. David Maher, chairman of the Policy Oversight Committee that is helping to set up and oversee the system, says that all registrars are subject to local laws regarding consumer protection and competition. But he says that the committee "will not act as an enforcement body in this area.\
【单选题】59（） A.off B.out C.about D.in
A.
International Trade
B.
Since the end of World War II, international trade has developed dramatically. All countries in the modern world join in worldwide trade, through which various sorts of merchandise and (51) materials arc exported in (52) for foreign currency, which means income wealth from (53) and job opportunity at home, and in the meantime, foreign goods are imported to provide consumers with (54) and welcome merchandise. Today, economic interdependence among countries is so (55) that no country can close its doors to the outside world, and the more prosperous the national economy, the more developed the foreign trade. Economic globalization is now a (56) in the world.
C.
But in the past when old and new colonialism ruled the world there was no free and fair trade at all. Powers, (57) the British empire, the United States, Russia, Japan, divided the world into their spheres of influence—their colonies or dependencies, where their businessmen (58) their merchandise at high prices and bought (59) raw materials and labor at low prices. (60) of wealth flowed to these powers which then grew prosperous, (61) the colonies were driven into destitution (贫困). The national economy of colonies was innately defective. Their industries could not survive the overwhelming (62) of imports from the powers. Their monotonous national economy (63) in production of one or two agricultural crops or (64) products or minerals, to be sold in international market, for example, orange and sugarcane in Cuba, banana and coffee in South-America, coal in Poland, all (65) to supply-demand relation in world market under control of the powers. Even their customs were governed by officials from the powers, whose exported goods thus could enter the colonies nearly duty-free. It was after the collapse of colonialist system all over the world that free and fair international trade, at least theoretically, could be possible.
【单选题】57（） A.namely B.as C.likely D.nearly
A.
International Trade
B.
Since the end of World War II, international trade has developed dramatically. All countries in the modern world join in worldwide trade, through which various sorts of merchandise and (51) materials arc exported in (52) for foreign currency, which means income wealth from (53) and job opportunity at home, and in the meantime, foreign goods are imported to provide consumers with (54) and welcome merchandise. Today, economic interdependence among countries is so (55) that no country can close its doors to the outside world, and the more prosperous the national economy, the more developed the foreign trade. Economic globalization is now a (56) in the world.
C.
But in the past when old and new colonialism ruled the world there was no free and fair trade at all. Powers, (57) the British empire, the United States, Russia, Japan, divided the world into their spheres of influence—their colonies or dependencies, where their businessmen (58) their merchandise at high prices and bought (59) raw materials and labor at low prices. (60) of wealth flowed to these powers which then grew prosperous, (61) the colonies were driven into destitution (贫困). The national economy of colonies was innately defective. Their industries could not survive the overwhelming (62) of imports from the powers. Their monotonous national economy (63) in production of one or two agricultural crops or (64) products or minerals, to be sold in international market, for example, orange and sugarcane in Cuba, banana and coffee in South-America, coal in Poland, all (65) to supply-demand relation in world market under control of the powers. Even their customs were governed by officials from the powers, whose exported goods thus could enter the colonies nearly duty-free. It was after the collapse of colonialist system all over the world that free and fair international trade, at least theoretically, could be possible.
【单选题】The Smog The SmogIndonesia was in crisis because of the drought.() A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
A.
For over a month, Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50 years. Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighboring countries including Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
B.
When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous. Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately.
C.
The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot (烟灰) covered everything. In some areas, water was hosed (用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to try and break up the smog.
D.
Finally, heavy rains, which came in November. Put out the fires and clear the air. But the environmental costs and health problems will remain. Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes and factory pollution Breathing problems could well increase and many non-sufferers may have difficulties for the first time. Wildlife has suffered too. In lowland forests, elephants, deer, and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.
E.
But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact .was world was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.
F.
About 4,000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.
相关题目：
【单选题】The passage is based on the author’s (). A. keen insight into the nature of technology B. prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution C. cautious analysis of the replacement of the h...
A.
To live in the Untied States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’ s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
B.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle(挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire(变得混乱)and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
C.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an informationbased economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
D.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
【单选题】Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.11（） A．act B．serve C．work D．reach
A.
Egyptian wine has an extensive history within the history of Egyptian civilization. Grapes were not (1) to the landscape of Egypt, rather the vines themselves are (2) to have been imported from the Phoenicians, (3) the actual origins remain in (4) . What is known, is that (5) the third millennium BC, Egyptian kings of the first (6) had extensive wine cellars, and wine was used extensively in the temple ceremonies. The main (7) of wine in Egypt. took place between the king, nobles, and the priests in temple ceremonies, and is (8) by numerous painted relief’ s, and other (9) evidence. The vineyards of ancient Egypt, were quite different from the modern methods of wine making today. (10) viticulture (or wine making) ,ceased to (11) an exclusively ceremonial purpose, the Egyptians began to experiment with simple structures for their vines to train on, (12) found a way to train their vines so they were easy low (13) bushes, and found ways for the soil to (14) more moisture for the vines. Egyptian wine making experiments included the use of different wine presses, adding heat to the must (the grape juice ready for fermentation) (15) make the wine sweet, and differences in vat types and materials. The (16) finished product of wine, was poured through a cloth filter, and then into earthenware jars, (17) they would be sealed with natural tar and left to (18) . The Egyptians kept accurate records of their vintages, and (19) of their wines, each jar of wine was clearly (20) with it’s own vintage, and quality.
【判断题】甲公司与乙银行订立一份借款合同，甲公司到期不能还本付息。乙银行于还本付息期届满后1年零6个月时向有管辖权的人民法院起诉，要求甲公司偿还本金、支付利息并承担违约责任。乙银行的行为引起诉讼时效中断。( )
A.
正确
B.
错误
【单选题】Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A.
The ice in the Antarctic will never melt.
B.
The disasters caused by icebergs are all over the world.
C.
The Antarctic is hot with volcanoes.
D.
Volcano can protect ice sheet from melting.
【单选题】19（） A. now that B . unless C. though D. as
A.
A manager hoping to blossom as a business leader must develop the skill to communicate effectively. One of the foremost tasks of a leader is to create (1) to a cause. To do that he must first communicate to build mutual understanding.
B.
(2) a manager communicates mostly to (3) information, a leader uses communications to build relationships. A manager overwhelms others with details and still (4) them cold. A leader (5) their hearts by combining his vision with their (6) in a common cause.
C.
Most Asian business leaders are instinctively (7) relationship building (8) direct communications. But they don’t use the mass media so well. While face to face communications is (9) , it’s not enough in today’s big business.
D.
(10) their western (11) , they are not so much frightened by mass media’s potential to magnify, distort, and expose. The problem lies more in the (12) of professional support (13) to them. In most Asian companies the public affairs function either does not exist or is (14) routine chores removed from helping the CEO to communicate with wide audiences. The reason primarily that the (15) communications officers are placed quite low in the organizational hierarchy.
E.
Asia’s need for business leaders who are (16) in using mass media to involve the public (17) the economic development dream has never been greater. Television and the print media have an enormous (18) on the public perception of business. Our business leaders have not yet laced an unsympathetic press. They should start now (19) the day may not be too far away (20) they are suddenly forced to enter the perilous arena of public communications.
【单选题】What is the meaning of the phrase "net cost" in the title() A. The amount of money covering the basics. B. The registration, fee for a domain name on the Internet. C. The amount of money for the const...
A.
The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself
B.
Companies are paying up to $10,000 to register a domain name on the Internet even though there is no guarantee that they will get the name they want.
C.
The task of registering domains ending in. com, org, .edu and. net is at present contracted out by the US government to the Virginia-based company Network Solutions. The contract runs out this year, and the government wants to bring in a different scheme.
D.
But last year, an ad hoc committee of the Internet’s great and good revealed its own plan. This involved setting up seven new domains, each indicating the kind of business or organisation using that name. The committee recruited 88 companies around the world to act as registrars for its firm, . shop, . web, . arts, . rec, . info and. nom domains. The US government has still to give the system its blessing, and may yet push ahead with its original scheme. Despite this, the 88 registrars have been taking applications for several months. They are due to start registering names this month with the Internet Council of Registrars, which grew out of the ad hoc committee.
E.
To prevent conflicting names from being registered, the council will take one name from each registrar in mm before going back for the second name in their queues, and so on. This has led to a flourishing trade, with companies trying to buy a place near the head of the queue. Global Names of Singapore is charging $10,000 to make sure a request for a name is the first one it sends off to the central database. Other registrars are charging nonrefundable deposits for places at the top of the queue. David Maher, chairman of the Policy Oversight Committee that is helping to set up and oversee the system, says that all registrars are subject to local laws regarding consumer protection and competition. But he says that the committee "will not act as an enforcement body in this area.\
【单选题】59（） A.off B.out C.about D.in
A.
International Trade
B.
Since the end of World War II, international trade has developed dramatically. All countries in the modern world join in worldwide trade, through which various sorts of merchandise and (51) materials arc exported in (52) for foreign currency, which means income wealth from (53) and job opportunity at home, and in the meantime, foreign goods are imported to provide consumers with (54) and welcome merchandise. Today, economic interdependence among countries is so (55) that no country can close its doors to the outside world, and the more prosperous the national economy, the more developed the foreign trade. Economic globalization is now a (56) in the world.
C.
But in the past when old and new colonialism ruled the world there was no free and fair trade at all. Powers, (57) the British empire, the United States, Russia, Japan, divided the world into their spheres of influence—their colonies or dependencies, where their businessmen (58) their merchandise at high prices and bought (59) raw materials and labor at low prices. (60) of wealth flowed to these powers which then grew prosperous, (61) the colonies were driven into destitution (贫困). The national economy of colonies was innately defective. Their industries could not survive the overwhelming (62) of imports from the powers. Their monotonous national economy (63) in production of one or two agricultural crops or (64) products or minerals, to be sold in international market, for example, orange and sugarcane in Cuba, banana and coffee in South-America, coal in Poland, all (65) to supply-demand relation in world market under control of the powers. Even their customs were governed by officials from the powers, whose exported goods thus could enter the colonies nearly duty-free. It was after the collapse of colonialist system all over the world that free and fair international trade, at least theoretically, could be possible.
【单选题】57（） A.namely B.as C.likely D.nearly
A.
International Trade
B.
Since the end of World War II, international trade has developed dramatically. All countries in the modern world join in worldwide trade, through which various sorts of merchandise and (51) materials arc exported in (52) for foreign currency, which means income wealth from (53) and job opportunity at home, and in the meantime, foreign goods are imported to provide consumers with (54) and welcome merchandise. Today, economic interdependence among countries is so (55) that no country can close its doors to the outside world, and the more prosperous the national economy, the more developed the foreign trade. Economic globalization is now a (56) in the world.
C.
But in the past when old and new colonialism ruled the world there was no free and fair trade at all. Powers, (57) the British empire, the United States, Russia, Japan, divided the world into their spheres of influence—their colonies or dependencies, where their businessmen (58) their merchandise at high prices and bought (59) raw materials and labor at low prices. (60) of wealth flowed to these powers which then grew prosperous, (61) the colonies were driven into destitution (贫困). The national economy of colonies was innately defective. Their industries could not survive the overwhelming (62) of imports from the powers. Their monotonous national economy (63) in production of one or two agricultural crops or (64) products or minerals, to be sold in international market, for example, orange and sugarcane in Cuba, banana and coffee in South-America, coal in Poland, all (65) to supply-demand relation in world market under control of the powers. Even their customs were governed by officials from the powers, whose exported goods thus could enter the colonies nearly duty-free. It was after the collapse of colonialist system all over the world that free and fair international trade, at least theoretically, could be possible.
【单选题】The Smog The SmogIndonesia was in crisis because of the drought.() A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
A.
For over a month, Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50 years. Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighboring countries including Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
B.
When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous. Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately.
C.
The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot (烟灰) covered everything. In some areas, water was hosed (用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to try and break up the smog.
D.
Finally, heavy rains, which came in November. Put out the fires and clear the air. But the environmental costs and health problems will remain. Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes and factory pollution Breathing problems could well increase and many non-sufferers may have difficulties for the first time. Wildlife has suffered too. In lowland forests, elephants, deer, and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.
E.
But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact .was world was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.
F.
About 4,000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.
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