When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a (36) as well. In such a state of things land is abundant and cheap. The possession of it confers no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages (37) he can take up new land and be his own . Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can cultivate by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family supplies. Hence, again, land bears little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on (38) , but only a middle class of yeoman farmers (非耕农). All are (39) on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is (40) , is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully reinforced by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The characteristic of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call (41) only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become (42) his own , and they educate him to , independence, and self (43) . At the same time, the social groups being only (44) marked off from each other, it is easy to reliance from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in densely populated countries. The (45) lie in an under-populated country, with the coarse. unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.
A. wages D. extractive
B. based E. speedily
C. substantially F. advantages
G. cultivate L. for
H. vaguely M. transfer
I. bears N. confers
J. supplies O. surplus
K. when